""", # attempt to detect and ignore antialiasing, # customize color / brightness tolerances, # switch to `original` grayscale SSIM algorithm, # JS math can introduce a decimal point in some cases, # but you can easily coerce to an integer if needed, # or you can do the same on multiple lines if you wish, # set headers or params (if any) BEFORE the method step. Note the inline use of the read function as a short-cut above. Especially when payloads are complex (or highly dynamic), it may be more practical to use contains semantics. Now it should be clear how Karate makes it easy to express JSON or XML. subType: { name: 'Smith', deleted: false } Here are the various combinations for you to compare using click() as an example. karate.set('temp', squares); EXPR in the table above is an interesting one. And this example may make it clear why using Karate itself to drive even your UI-tests may be a good idea. This is possible by prefixing contains with a ! For tests that need to wait for slow pages or deal with un-predictable element load-times or state / visibility changes, Karate allows you to temporarily tweak the internal retry settings. will pause the test execution until a socket connection (even HTTP, currently for web-ui automation only, see. The steps which are defined under background will run before each and every scenario for a feature file. "arr": [ If parsing fails, Karate will log a warning and the value of response will then be a plain string. My Skill set includes: UI Automation -Selenium with Java TestNG, Cucumber, Data-driven Framework Functional UI Testing Backend Testing: Database Testing and API Testing with Postman Tool, API Automation with Karate Framework GitHub Jenkins- CI/CD pipelines Jira, QC ALM Agile Software Development . Empty cells or expressions that evaluate to null will result in the key being omitted from the JSON. If you have other questions or feedback, the comment section is yours. The karate-demo has an example showing various ways to configure or set headers: headers.feature. The first four below are best explained in this example file: type-conv.feature. Like above, but force the SSL algorithm to one of, Whether the HTTP client automatically follows redirects - (default, Set the connect timeout (milliseconds). The section on Karate Expressions goes into the details. Heres how it works for XML: This comes in useful in some cases - and avoids needing to use the set keyword or JavaScript functions to manipulate JSON. Karate also has built-in support for websocket that is based on the async capability and the listen keyword. For a call (or callonce) - payload / data structures (JSON, XML, Map-like or List-like) variables are passed by reference which means that steps within the called feature can update or mutate them, for e.g. Note that you would typically want to use the @ignore tag for such cases. Example: Set the HTML form-element value. In case you were wondering, variables (and even expressions) are supported on the right-hand-side. And yes, variables can come from global config. { . This is especially relevant when manipulating GraphQL queries - because although they look suspiciously like JSON, they are not, and tend to confuse Karates internals. For convenience, Karate assumes by default that the executable name is playwright and that it exists in the System PATH. Karate provides a far more simpler and more powerful way than JSON-schema to validate the structure of a given payload. You can potentially include the steps of deploying (and un-deploying) the application-under-test using this approach - but probably the top-level JUnit test-suite would be the right place for those. This is what is normally expected and simulates a web-browser - which makes it easy to script things like HTML-form based authentication into test-flows. You can easily assert that all expected elements are present, even in nested parts of your JSON - while doing a match on the full payload. This is easily achieved with the karate.repeat() API: And theres also karate.range() which can be useful to generate test-data. For performance reasons, you can implement enableForUri() so that this activates only for some URL patterns. id: 1, As a short-cut, when running JsonPath expressions - $ represents the response. common.feature. You can find more examples here: xml.feature. Observe how the get shortcut is used to distill the result array of variable envelopes into an array consisting only of response payloads. The webDriverUrl driver configuration key is optional, but if specified, will be used as the W3C WebDriver remote server. This can be a huge time-saver ! In fact Gherkin supports the catch-all symbol * - instead of forcing you to use Given, When or Then. foo: 'hello', You have the option to adjust the scope of the match, and here are examples: Note that {:4} can be used as a short-cut instead of {*:4}. And you dont need to line-up an assortment of shell-scripts to do all these things. But note that ##null can be used to represent a convention that many teams adopt, which is that keys with null values are stripped from the JSON payload. A common requirement is to build an array with n elements or do something n times where n is an integer (that could even be a variable reference). # note how we return null to keep looping, """ The JavaScript interpreter will try to convert types across Java and JavaScript as smartly as possible. name: 'John', But this totally makes sense for things not part of the main test flow and which typically need to be re-usable anyway. File-upload is supported natively only by type: chrome. (Also added cucumber plugin and restart the eclipse). top: 483, Valid options are, Function to be called when displaying image comparison rebase in Karate HTML reports (e.g. The above example can be made more simpler with the use of call (or callonce) without a def-assignment to a variable, and is the recommended pattern for implementing re-usable authentication setup flows. Look at multipart entity for an example. You simply roll your own. Karate is an open-source framework for API Test automation that uses BDD style syntax, has a rich assertion library, built-in HTML reports. Assuming the above code is in a file called my-headers.js, the next section on calling other feature files shows how it looks like in action at the beginning of a test script. This can be really convenient, for example to never run some tests in a certain production like or sensitive environment. Learn more. Note that the opposite of optional() is locate() which will fail if the element is not present. The most important part of this payload is the capabilities. The following scenario will make this clear. You can use callonce instead of call within the Background in case you have multiple Scenario sections or Examples. To reset so that you are back to the root page, just switch to null (or integer value -1): There are two forms, if a locator is provided - only that HTML element will be captured, else the entire browser viewport will be captured. Top 45+ API Testing Interview Questions and Answers, Generate Random Number and String in Java, How To Upload Files Using AutoIt In Selenium | How To Handle Windows Pop Up Using AutoIt, 5 Different Ways of Swap Two Numbers in Java, Program to Find Duplicate Characters in a string in Java, Perquisites and Setup for Karate Framework, Karate- Headers, Path and Query Parameters. This provides the following methods: In any complex testing endeavor, you would find yourself needing common code that needs to be re-used across multiple test scripts. In some rare cases where you dont want to auto-convert JSON, XML, YAML or CSV, and just get the raw string content (without having to re-name the file to end with .txt) - you can use the karate.readAsString() API. Most servers expect the domain to be set correctly like this: Note that you can do the above as a one-liner like this: * cookie({ name: 'hello', value: 'world' }), just keep in mind here that then it would follow the rules of Enclosed JavaScript (not Embedded Expressions). Each item within responseCookies is itself a map-like object. Being able to define and re-use JavaScript functions is a powerful capability of Karate. You will typically also match against a specific HTML tag (which is preferred, and faster at run-time). Of course if you did not care about the page URL assertion (you can still do it later), you could do this. } Since it is so easy to dive into Java-interop, Karate does not include any random-number functions, uuid generator or date / time utilities out of the box. This results in easily understandable one-liners, only at the point of need, and to anyone reading the test - it will be clear as to where extra waits have been applied. Look at how the path did not need to be specified for the second HTTP get call since /cats is part of the url. This is best explained with an example. 2. And when you read your JSON objects from (re-usable) files, even complex response payload assertions can be accomplished in just a single line of Karate-script. An image comparison UI will also be embedded into the Karate HTML report with detailed information about any differences between the two images. Assertions and HTML reports are built-in, and you can run tests in parallel for speed. But if you need to use values in the response headers - they will be in a variable named responseHeaders. It is sometimes useful to be able to check if a key-value-pair does not exist. There is no concept of a default where for e.g. In the called feature, the argument can also be accessed using the built-in variable: called Karate scripts dont need to use any special keywords to return data and can behave like normal Karate tests in stand-alone mode if needed, the data return mechanism is safe, there is no danger of the called script over-writing any variables in the calling (or parent) script (unless you use, the need to explicitly unpack variables by name from the returned envelope keeps things readable and maintainable in the caller script, call re-usable functions that take complex data as an argument and return complex data that can be stored in a variable, JavaScript / JSON-style mutation of existing. lastUpdated: { on: "#ignore" }, What is Karate DSL? id: '#regex[0-9]+', Step 3: Provide the project details and create project, Step 4: Add Maven dependencies in pom.xml. You can even initialize the JSON in a separate step and pass it by name, especially if it is complex. XML and XPath works just like youd expect. Note that forcing Scenario-s to run in a particular sequence is an anti-pattern, and should be avoided as far as possible. time: '#? a Here is an example of waiting for a search box to appear after a click(), and note how we re-use the Element reference returned by waitFor() to proceed with the flow. predicate marker to validate that the value of totalPrice is always equal to the roomPrice of the first item in the roomInformation array. Karate is the only open-source tool to combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing and even UI automation into a single, unified framework. More examples of Java interop and how to invoke custom code can be found in the section on Calling Java. They seamlessly fit in-line within your test script. But if you really need to use the HTTP response code in an expression or save it for later, you can get it as an integer: Note that match can give you some extra readable options: The response time (in milliseconds) for the current response would be available in a variable called responseTime. For example: The other situation where we have found a delay() un-avoidable is for some super-secure sign-in forms - where a few milliseconds delay before hitting the submit button is needed. Other UI automation frameworks spend a lot of time encouraging you to follow a so-called Page Object Model for your tests. * match driver.dialog == 'Please enter your name, # wait 3 minutes if needed for page to load. When using stand-alone *.js files, you can have a comment before the function keyword, and you can use fn as the function name, so that your IDE does not complain about JavaScript syntax errors, e.g. Typically right-clicking on the file in the project browser or even within the editor view would bring up the Run as JUnit Test menu option. API API POST API abcd : : If you place it above the Feature keyword, it will apply to all Scenario-s. And if you just want one or two Scenario-s to NOT run in parallel, you can place this tag above only those Scenario-s. See example. As a convenience, to reset the value to what was initially set, you can call timeout() with no argument: Only applies to WebDriver based driver sessions, and useful in case you need the session id to download any test-reports / video etc. But this approach doesnt work when you have to deal with data-entry and fields. To run only a single scenario, append the line number on which the scenario is defined, de-limited by :. When you have a runner class in place, it would be possible to run it from the command-line as well. Since waitFor() returns an Element instance on which you can call chained methods, this can be the pattern you use, which is very convenient and readable: Rarely used - but accepts multiple arguments for those tricky situations where a particular element may or may not be present in the page. var results = scriptAll('.js-tree-browser-result-path', '_.innerText'); function (customConfigJson, config) { Job specializations: IT/Tech. Sometimes when dealing with very large numbers, the JS engine may mangle the number into scientific notation: This can be easily solved by using java.math.BigDecimal: Karate has a built-in HTML templating engine that can be used to insert additional custom HTML into the test-reports. Since multiple values are supported, you can also do this: A little-known capability of the Cucumber / Gherkin syntax is to be able to tag even specific rows in a bunch of examples ! One indicator of a good automation framework is how much work a developer needs to do in order to perform any automation action - such as clicking a button, or retrieving the value of some HTML object / property. Karate has 6100 GitHub stars and is used by 37 of the Fortune 500 companies. height There can be multiple Scenario-s in a *.feature file, and at least one should be present. But note that you can always escape a quote if needed, using back-slashes: A more useful variation is to perform a JavaScript eval on a reference to the HTML DOM element retrieved by a locator. You can even use a regular-expression so that instead of checking for equality, Karate will just validate that the actual value conforms to the expected pattern. If you want to disable the auto-embedding into the HTML report, pass an additional boolean argument as false, e.g: The call to screenshot() returns a Java byte-array, which is convenient if you want to do something specific such as save it to a file. Do note that if you choose the Java API, you will naturally lose some of the test-automation framework benefits such as HTML reports, parallel execution and JavaScript / configuration. math In such cases, you have to use string quotes: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }. Karate was based on Cucumber-JVM until version 0.8.0 but the parser and engine were re-written from scratch in 0.9.0 onwards. Karate and BDD Karate is built on top of Cucumber, another BDD testing framework, and shares some of the same concepts. This report is useful for troubleshooting and debugging a test because all requests and responses are shown in-line with the steps, along with error messages and the output of print statements. And yes, you can use an if statement in Karate ! hero(name: "") { { This means that you can combine them to concisely express certain types of intent - without having to repeat the locator. For example here is the equivalent of the example above. path to file containing the trust chain for your server certificate. This should make it clear why Karate does not provide out of the box support for any particular HTTP authentication scheme. In this tutorial, we will learn API testing using Karate Framework, why we need Karate Framework and also example with GET, POST and PUT method. The configure driver options are fine for testing on localhost and when not in headless mode. You can replace the values of com.mycompany and myproject as per your needs. Karate is flexible, you can easily over-write config variables within the Java or JUnit runner - which is very convenient when in dev-mode or rapid-prototyping. A variation where the argument is JSON instead of a URL / address-string, used typically if you are testing a desktop (or mobile) application. The built-in driver JS object is where you script UI automation. function() { # this next line may perform many steps and result in multiple variables set for the rest of the script, """ While this sounds dangerous and should be used with care (and limits readability), the reason this feature exists is to quickly set (or over-write) a bunch of config variables when needed. It typically ends up being a one-liner that appears in the Background section at the start of your test-scripts. It is also possible to invoke a feature file via a Java API which can be useful in some test-automation situations. Note that this mode can be also triggered via the command-line by adding -D or --dryrun to the karate.options. object.name. This gives you some powerful options, for example you can simulate Ajax and XHR failures, or even replace entire widgets or sections of the page with fake HTML. Since asserting against header values in the response is a common task - match header has a special meaning. The match syntax involves a double-equals sign == to represent a comparison (and not an assignment =). """, """ And match (name) contains is how you can do so: Note that match contains will not recurse any nested JSON chunks so use match contains deep instead. Although all properties in the passed JSON-like argument are unpacked into the current scope as separate named variables, it sometimes makes sense to access the whole argument and this can be done via __arg. Here is an example of what is possible: Not something you would commonly use, but in some cases you need to disable Karates default behavior of attempting to parse anything that looks like JSON (or XML) when using multi-line / string expressions. 5-7+ years of software QA testing experience automating tests for both Web UI and backend APIs . The first will simply return a List of Element instances. Before we get to the HTTP keywords, it is worth doing a recap of the various shapes that the right-hand-side of an assignment statement can take: They are url, path, request, method and status. Refer to the section on XPath Functions for examples of advanced XPath usage. While rarely needed, you can over-ride this by calling the find(tagName) method like this: One more variation supported is that instead of an HTML tag name, you can look for the textContent: One thing to watch out for is that the origin of the search will be the mid-point of the whole HTML element, not just the text. These examples (all exact matches) can make things more clear: Note that you can alternatively use JsonPath on the left-hand-side: But of course it is preferable to match whole objects in one step as far as possible. And you can consider a driverTarget approach for complex needs such as using a Docker container for CI. You can imagine how you could evolve a nice set of utilities that validate all your domain objects. # this can be a global re-usable function ! By using this plugin, you agree to our privacy-policy. It will create a Karate report under Karate Project > target > Karate report > karate-summary.html, Step 4: Create a TestRunner.java class under src/test/java. Refer to the demos for another example: soap.feature. Instead, Karate gives you all you need as part of the syntax. isValidTime(_)' "b": 4, }, Normally an undefined variable results in nasty JavaScript errors. The match operation is smart because white-space does not matter, and the order of keys (or data elements) does not matter. Anyway, there are times when you may want to force integers (perhaps for cosmetic reasons) and you can easily do so using the double-tilde short-cut: ~~. The method signature of the assertTrue has flipped around a bit. Note how even tags to exclude (or include) can be specified: Note that any Feature or Scenario with the special @ignore tag will be skipped by default. So when you use the combination of callonce in a Background, you can indeed get the same effect as using a @BeforeClass annotation, and you can find examples in the karate-demo, such as this one: callonce.feature. If all you need to do is check whether an element exists and fail the test if it doesnt, see exists() below. _ > 0' }, # when validation logic is an 'equality' check, an embedded expression works better, Then match temperature contains { fahrenheit, # when the response is binary (byte-array), # incidentally, match and assert behave exactly the same way for strings, # if b can be present (optional) but should always be null, """ This example actually calls into existing Java code, and being able to do this opens up a whole lot of possibilities. We recommend that you use the Karate extension for Visual Studio Code - and with that, JavaScript, .NET and Python programmers will feel right at home. Assertions and HTML reports are built-in, and you can run tests in parallel for speed. Dont forget that Karates data-driven testing capabilities can loop over arrays of JSON objects automatically. For advanced examples, refer to some of the scenarios within this demo: dynamic-params.feature. Very handy for waiting for an expected URL change and asserting if it happened. Here is an example of getting the computed style for a given element: For an advanced example of simulating a drag and drop operation see this answer on Stack Overflow. The above example actually makes two HTTP requests - the first is a standard sign-in POST and then (for illustrative purposes) another HTTP call (a GET) is made for retrieving a list of projects for the signed-in user, and the first one is selected and added to the returned auth token JSON object. } Karate framework follows the Cucumber style of writing the program which follows the BDD approach. You can now use Karates core API and call chained methods. Keep in mind that: Will actually attempt to evaluate the given string as JavaScript within the browser. The wildcard locators are great when the human-facing visible text is within the HTML element that you want to interact with. And if you need to view the container display via VNC, set the vncPort to map the port exposed by Docker. Job in Minneapolis - Hennepin County - MN Minnesota - USA , 55400. Also look at the section on commonly needed utilities for more ideas. "b": 2, Gkhan KARAMAN 99 Followers Senior Software Test Automation Engineer More from Medium The Test Lead Top FREE QA Test Management Tools 2023 The Test Lead QA API Testing Explained For Manual and. Refer to the section on dynamic port numbers for an example. Prefer classpath: when a file is expected to be heavily re-used all across your project. You can see what the result looks like here. convenient way to execute an OS specific command and return the console output e.g. Also take a look at how a special case of embedded-expressions can remove key-value pairs from a JSON (or XML) payload: Remove if Null. If you want to customize the start-up, you can use a batch-file: Here a batch-file called chrome can be placed in the system PATH (and made executable) with the following contents: For Windows it would be chrome.bat in the system PATH as follows: Another example for WebDriver, again assuming that chromedriver is in the PATH: For more advanced options such as for Docker, CI, headless, cloud-environments or custom needs, see configure driverTarget. A very powerful variation of waitUntil() takes a full-fledged JavaScript function as the argument. And the returned JSON is dynamic, the lastName will modify response.json via an embedded-expression. if you acquired a string from some external source, or if you generated JSON (or XML) by concatenating text or using replace, you may want to convert a string to JSON and vice-versa. So especially when doing above() or below(), ensure that the search path is aligned the way you expect. 2 Do look at the documentation and example for configure headers also as it goes hand-in-hand with call. If you are looking for ways to do something only once per feature or across all your tests, see Hooks. And this kind of locator is likely to be more stable and resistant to cosmetic changes to the underlying HTML. { id: 23, name: 'Bob' }, you can use pure JsonPath expressions (notice how this is different from the above), # and even append to json arrays (or create them automatically), # and for match - the order of keys does not matter, # you can ignore fields marked with '#ignore', # you can even set whole fragments of xml, """ One way to define test-suites in Karate is to have a JUnit class at a level above (in terms of folder hierarchy) all the *.feature files in your project. Passing the data from one feature file to another file. Both the official Visual Studio Code and IntelliJ plugins support step-through debugging of Karate tests. It is best explained via examples. } 1. Expressions follow the same short-cut rules as for waitUntil(). The nice thing here is that it returns a Driver instance, so you can chain any other method and the intent will be clear. Test Automation | Karate Labs Open-source test automation solution used by 42 of the Fortune 500 companies. A great example of how you can extend Karate, even bypass the HTTP client but still use Karates test-automation effectively, is this gRPC example by @thinkerou: karate-grpc. The Karate Demo has a working example of the recommended parallel-runner set up. In real-life scripts, you would typically also use this capability of Karate to configure headers where the specified JavaScript function uses the variables that result from a sign in to manipulate headers for all subsequent HTTP requests. So in dev mode you can easily set this behavior like this. Here below is an example that also demonstrates using the multipart/related content-type. That data is used to make yet another request to fetch a JPEG image from e.g. This method returns a boolean (true or false), perfect for asserting if an element exists and giving you the option to perform conditional logic, or manually fail the test. In normal programming languages, global variables are a bad thing, but for test-automation (when you know what you are doing) - this can be really convenient. With the Karate framework, testers without a programming background can perform tests more easily. For example, see the sayHelloFactory() method below: And now, to get a reference to that function you can do this: This can be convenient when using shared scope because you can just call sayHello('myname') where needed. But if you are really dealing with an HTML