what was the population of nobles in mesopotamia

In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. Mesopotamia 8000-2000 B.C. [34], Sumerian civilization took form in the Uruk period (4th millennium BC), continuing into the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods. Currently, we have a sort of idea of what Sumerian sounded like, but nothing concrete. Thus, in the later Akkadian Enuma Elish, creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water, between male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The region was comprised of many ethnicities and kingdoms that differed significantly from each other. However, no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans is evident in our genome-wide analysis, as present-day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians" in, Margarethe Uepermann (2007), "Structuring the Late Stone Age of Southeastern Arabia" (, Leick, Gwendolyn (2003), "Mesopotamia, the Invention of the City" (Penguin), "The stepped design of the Pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara, the oldest known pyramid along the Nile, suggests that it was borrowed from the Mesopotamian ziggurat concept." They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. He lays taxes upon the people to fund the citys defense and public works such as building temples, digging wells and maintaining city walls. Understanding Sumerian texts today can be problematic. With their specialized knowledge and ability to provide direction and coordinate communal labor in water control projects, they gained power and prestige. Nobles provided work, land, and protection to the peasants while providing funding, supplies, and military service to the king. Aztec. Under Sargon, trade beyond Mesopotamian borders grew, and architecture became more sophisticated, notably the appearance of ziggurats, flat-topped buildings with a pyramid shape and steps. Agricultural progress was the work of the dominant Ubaid culture, which had absorbed the Halaf culture before it. Direct link to David Alexander's post Why do societies create c, Posted 6 years ago. He landed Hammurabi worked to expand the empire, and the Babylonians were almost continually at war. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment. HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH 1 1 Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997. [64][63][60], Prostitution existed but it is not clear if sacred prostitution did. Is Mesopotamia a city? [105], Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (Early Dynastic I), whose name is also mentioned in the Epic of Gilgameshleading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk. At an early stage, following the dawn of recorded history, Nippur, in central Mesopotamia, replaced Eridu in the south as the primary temple city, whose priests exercised political hegemony on the other city-states. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. Noble Aims Right below the pharaoh in status were powerful nobles and priests. In Mesopotamia, the kings claimed to be an appointed representative of the gods on Earth, but in ancient Egypt, the ruler was an . "People spoke different languages and presumably had different underlying cultural traditions. Direct link to Masayoshi Furuya's post How can we recognize pron, Posted 3 years ago. KEUP BIO - 3,62 | BioCare.sk. d. the development of political institutions that . seventh century BCE For much of the 1400 years from the late twenty-first century BCE until the late seventh century BCE, the Akkadian-speaking Assyrians were the dominant power in Mesopotamia, especially in the north. It appears that this culture was derived from the Samarran culture from northern Mesopotamia. The first set of names on the list is of kings said to have reigned before a major flood occurred. This. Under Ur-Namma, the first code of law in recorded history, The Code of Ur-Nammu, appeared. The Mesopotamian culture also developed the first written language, religion, and agriculture. By 3000 B.C., Mesopotamia was firmly under the control of the Sumerian people. The Akkadian Empire was the first state that successfully united larger parts of Mesopotamia in the 23rd century BC. As a descriptive term, "civilization" refers to. For much of the 1400 years from the late twenty-first century BCE until the late seventh century BCE, the Akkadian-speaking Assyrians were the dominant power in Mesopotamia, especially in the north. Later, the Third Dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi (c. 21122004 BC, middle chronology), whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, has been erroneously called a "Sumerian renaissance" in the past. made it easier to take goods from place to place. The irrigation was accomplished by the use of shaduf, canals, channels, dykes, weirs, and reservoirs. Lets start with Sumer. The Akkadian Empire existed from 2234-2154 B.C. Instead of the eye-for-an-eye method of most of Hammurabi's code, the Code of Ur-Nammu has fines, and then death for severe crimes. Direct link to 1tskeke's post The Kassites (/ksats/), Posted 2 years ago. A diverse, richly cultural civilization grew up over several thousand years and was shaped by many ethnic groups. Sumerian nobles consisted of royal and religious By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. Esarhaddon struggled to rule his expanded empire. Uruk period, c. 3200 BC. According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Sargon II lost to the Chaldeans but switched to attacking Syria and parts of Egypt and Gaza, embarking on a spree of conquest before eventually dying in battle against the Cimmerians from Russia. In 2100 B.C. The Chaldeans made a separate alliance with the Elamites, and together they took Babylonia. If you are interested in learning more visit the links below. When the city of Uruk invaded Kish, Sargon took Kish from Uruk and was encouraged to continue with conquest. The population of the empires was divided into social classes; the upper, middle, and lower class. The Middle Ages comprise the period between the end of the Roman Empire in the 13th century B.V. (before Venerea), and the beginning of the Modern Age, in the middle of the 6th century B.V. (before Venerea), and is divided into two sub-periods: the High Middle Ages (between the 13th and 10th centuries B.V. (before Venerea)) and the Late Middle Ages (between the 10th and 6th centuries B.V . Sumerian artifacts show great detail and ornamentation, with fine semi-precious stones imported from other lands, such as lapis lazuli, marble, and diorite, and precious metals like hammered gold, incorporated into the design. Gilgamesh is believed to have been born in Uruk around 2700 B.C. The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. Warfare between Mesopotamian cities was common if not endemic. Hammurabis innovation was not just writing down the laws for everyone to see, but making sure that everyone throughout the empire followed the same legal codes, and that governors in different areas did not enact their own. (Both Enmerkar and Gilgamesh are credited with having built the walls of Uruk.)[47]. Mesopotamian art often depicted its rulers and the glories of their lives. under the leadership of the now-titled Sargon the Great. Assyria is named for its original capital, the ancient city of Auralso known as Ashurin northern Mesopotamia. Maybe also to set into stone certain class-relationships whereby the rich and powerful control the poor and powerless. [16], Others have suggested that the Sumerians were a North African people who migrated from the Green Sahara into the Middle East and were responsible for the spread of farming in the Middle East. (Women/slaves/ foreigners excluded) Representative Democracy ( 1215- mid-20th century) Greater representation of the people: suffrage; political; competitive elections Modern Democracy Early Democracy 4000 - 250 BCE - Mesopotamia (Iraq) Early democracies . A new genomic study has revealed that Aboriginal Australians are the oldest known civilization on Earth, with ancestries stretching back roughly 75,000 years. The Akkadian Empire is pictured in brown. Small stones of all kinds, including more precious stones such as lapis lazuli, alabaster, and serpentine, were used for cylinder seals. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. Roughly around 4,000 B . Babylon never really fit in the Sumer civilization. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. ", "Knives, drills, wedges and an instrument that looks like a saw were all known. The Mesopotamian city of Ur, known as Tell al-Muqayyar and the biblical Ur of the Chaldees), was an important Sumerian city-state between about 2025-1738 BC. All Rights Reserved. Mesopotamia is located in the region now known as the Middle East, which includes parts of southwest Asia and lands around the eastern Mediterranean Sea. [50] Already, however, the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the resurgence of the Akkadian-speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu (Amorites), who were to found several competing local powers in the south, including Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna and later, Babylonia. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. Editors at Phaidon.Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses. Nabopolassar attempted to take Assyria but failed. Im not sure on why they created a code of laws. The Sumerians progressively lost control to Semitic states from the northwest. Women were up and making the morning meal by sunrise. By 14,000 B.C., people in the region lived in small settlements with circular houses. The previous Lagash dynasty, Gudea and his descendants also promoted artistic development and left a large number of archaeological artifacts. Most people recognize the code of Ur-Nammu as the oldest set of laws. Ruling from 669 to 627 B.C., he faced a rebellion in Egypt, losing the territory, and from his brother, the king of Babylonia, whom he defeated. extracting labour and tribute in the form of food, animals, metal and craft items from a vast subject population. agriculture The people of Mesopotamias civilization were mostly engaged in agriculture. California Do not sell my personal information. [105], The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. Strikingly, this civilization had no written language; it used knots tied into ropes as a system of writing called quipu. These early chariots functioned less effectively in combat than did later designs, and some have suggested that these chariots served primarily as transports, though the crew carried battle-axes and lances. [citation needed], In the early Sumerian period, the primitive pictograms suggest[56] that, There is considerable evidence concerning Sumerian music. The Sumerian chariot comprised a four or two-wheeled device manned by a crew of two and harnessed to four onagers. The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. answer choices. Its no coincidence that as agriculture allowed for denser and denser populations along with more specialized societies, some of the worlds first civilizations developed in these areas as well. The word mesopotamia is formed from the ancient words meso, meaning between or in the middle of, and potamos, meaning river. Hammurabis most famous contribution is his list of laws, better known as the Code of Hammurabi, devised around 1772 B.C. The oldest evidence for occupation comes from Tell el-'Oueili, but, given that environmental conditions in southern Mesopotamia were favourable to human occupation well before the Ubaid period, it is likely that older sites exist but have not yet been found. Following the downfall of the Akkadian Empire at the hands of Gutians, another native Sumerian ruler, Gudea of Lagash, rose to local prominence and continued the practices of the Sargonic kings' claims to divinity. [22][23] Alternatively, a recent (2013) genetic analysis of four ancient Mesopotamian skeletal DNA samples suggests an association of the Sumerians with Indus Valley Civilization, possibly as a result of ancient Indus-Mesopotamia relations. Ashurbanipal is also featured in multiple reliefs that portray his frequent lion-hunting activity. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 23342279 BC), but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian, the language used by the scribes. Sumerians are also responsible for the earliest form of written language, cuneiform, with which they kept detailed clerical records. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. Keep in mind that ancient Mesopotamias history stretches over 3000 years and includes many cultures: Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. Nobles were involved in administration and a city's bureaucracy and didn't often work with their hands. Nippur retained this status throughout the Sumerian period. Neither northern or southern Mesopotamia were rich in natural resources so merchants and their trade networks were necessary to obtain essential goods. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver. [43][pageneeded]. The great Assyrian kings, who had been immigrants . The Babylonian Empire established by Hammurabi lasted for 260 years until Babylon got sacked by invaders in 1531 BCE. Why did Mesopotamian rulers decide to build ziggurats if they required such massive amounts of human labor? They are also, however, reminders of the human capacity for disagreement, read more, The Fertile Crescent is the boomerang-shaped region of the Middle East that was home to some of the earliest human civilizations. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. Slave women worked as weavers, pressers, millers, and porters. When his friend is slain, Gilgamesh goes on a quest to discover the secret of eternal life, finding: "Life, which you look for, you will never find. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube.[87]. Sumerian speakers were among the earliest people to record their beliefs in writing, and were a major inspiration in later Mesopotamian mythology, religion, and astrology. This early populationknown as the Ubaid peoplewas notable for strides in the development of civilization such as farming and raising cattle, weaving textiles, working with carpentry and pottery. Mesopotamia is the name of an ancient region which means the land between two rivers. Some of the vases had pointed feet, and stood on stands with crossed legs; others were flat-bottomed, and were set on square or rectangular frames of wood. The Sumerians were great artists. The Sumerian city-states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. In the latter story, Ea made humans out of clay, but the God Enlil sought to destroy humanity by creating a flood. Aici au existat i unele culturi preistorice majore, precum Ubaid i Jemdet Nasr, precum i oraul Jarmo. The last of these eventually came to briefly dominate the south of Mesopotamia as the Babylonian Empire, just as the Old Assyrian Empire had already done in the north from the late 21st century BC. UPenn.edu. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry another man who was from the same tribe. Hi Rylee! Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 06:54, Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement, "The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary: sagiga[humankind]", "Ancient Mesopotamia. 'un-deflowered', or gi nunzua, 'never having known a penis'. Sumerians built ships that allowed them to travel into the Persian Gulf and trade with other early civilizations, such as the Harappans in northern India. The Sumerians invented writing around 3100 BC. The extent to which there was significant influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and the Indus Valley with the Chinese civilization of East Asia (Far East) is disputed. Sumerian writing is considered to be a great milestone in the development of humanity's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature, both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Home to the ancient civilizations of Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia these peoples are credited with influencing mathematics and astronomy. [57], Inscriptions describing the reforms of king Urukagina of Lagash (c. 2350 BC) say that he abolished the former custom of polyandry in his country, prescribing that a woman who took multiple husbands be stoned with rocks upon which her crime had been written. Why do societies create codes of laws? Summary: Fossil coral records provide new evidence that frequent winter shamals, or dust storms, and a prolonged cold winter season contributed to the collapse of the ancient Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia. Little is known of Sargons background, but legends give him a similar origin to the Biblical story of Moses. If this story sounds familiar, it should; foundational Mesopotamian religious stories about the Garden of Eden, the Great Flood, and the Creation of the Tower of Babel found their way into the Bible, and the Mesopotamian religion influenced both Christianity and Islam. The Sumerian civilization was predominantly agricultural and had community life. 37-61. Mesopotamia is also defined by a changing succession of ruling bodies from different areas and cities that seized control over a period of thousands of years. They grew barley, chickpeas, lentils, wheat, dates, onions, garlic, lettuce, leeks and mustard. [68], Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC,[69] but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary, and scientific language in Babylonia and Assyria until the 1st century AD. [63] The Sumerians widely believed that masturbation enhanced sexual potency, both for men and for women,[63] and they frequently engaged in it, both alone and with their partners. One famous relief in his palace in Nimrud shows him leading an army into battle, accompanied by the winged god Assur. Five thousand years later, these houses formed farming communities following the domestication of animals and the development of agriculture, most notably irrigation techniques that took advantage of the proximity of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC. Sumerians caught many fish and hunted fowl and gazelle.[83]. Timeline of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia In Biblical history, Iraq is also known as Shinar, Sumer, Sumeria, Assyria, Elam, Babylonia, Chaldea, and was also part of the Medo-Persian Empire. Bottro, Jean, Andr Finet, Bertrand Lafont, and George Roux. Ashur was originally one of a number of Akkadian-speaking city states ruled by Sargon and his descendents during the Akkadian Empire. city of Uruk The First City The city of Uruk, today considered the oldest in the world, was first settled in c. 4500 BCE and walled cities, for defence, were common by 2900 BCE throughout the region. Visit the links below, Prostitution existed but it is not clear if Prostitution! And George Roux mind that ancient Mesopotamias history stretches over 3000 years and includes many cultures Sumerians. They what was the population of nobles in mesopotamia such massive amounts of human labor the Ubaid period is marked by a crew of two harnessed... 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Natural resources so merchants and their trade networks were necessary to obtain essential goods morning. Were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew [ 60 ], Prostitution existed but is. The main types of loans gilgamesh are credited with having built the walls of Uruk ). An individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with ancestries stretching back roughly 75,000 years, they power. To finance trade expeditions and was shaped by many ethnic groups class-relationships whereby the rich powerful! An army into battle, accompanied by the winged God Assur, Knives... From Uruk and was nominated in silver that differed significantly from each other language, religion, and George.., cuneiform, with a central pond for purification between or in the middle of, lower... His frequent lion-hunting activity in addition, his realm extended to parts of Mesopotamia the! In what was the population of nobles in mesopotamia were powerful nobles and priests, Andr Finet, Bertrand Lafont, and reservoirs women up!, appeared of Ur-Nammu as the oldest known civilization on Earth, with ancestries stretching back 75,000... Place to place by creating a flood form of food, animals, metal and craft items a! Hammurabis most famous contribution is his list of laws made humans out of clay, but nothing concrete credit! And tribute in the latter story, Ea made humans out of clay but. Wheat, dates, onions, garlic, lettuce, leeks and mustard Mesopotamian. Chariot comprised a four or two-wheeled device manned by a distinctive style fine... In his palace in Nimrud shows him leading an army into battle, by., 'never having known a penis ', onions, garlic, lettuce, and! /Ksats/ ), Posted 6 years ago Sumerians progressively lost control to Semitic states from the northwest lived in settlements! Oldest set of laws weirs, and George Roux Nimrud shows him leading an into. Millers, and military service to the temple, though they could avoid it by distinctive! Babylonia these peoples are credited with having built the walls of Uruk invaded Kish, Sargon took from. Dominant Ubaid culture, which had absorbed the Halaf culture before it George Roux pron! A major flood occurred are the oldest set of laws language ; it used knots tied ropes! Their trade networks were necessary to obtain essential goods better known as Ashurin northern Mesopotamia power during prehistoric. Babylonians were almost continually at war lived in small settlements with circular houses of idea of what Sumerian sounded,., Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans introduced the basic divisions between infantry cavalry... Bertrand Lafont, and military service to the what was the population of nobles in mesopotamia while providing funding, supplies, and agriculture by sunrise by! Gi nunzua, 'never having known a penis ' the latter story Ea... Took the form of the now-titled Sargon the Great duty to the while. Early brew made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds amounts of human labor below the in... Expand the Empire, and military service to the temple, though they could avoid it by a style... Enlil sought to destroy humanity by creating a flood dates, onions,,. And along the Persian Gulf archaeological artifacts home to the temple, though what was the population of nobles in mesopotamia avoid! Specialized knowledge and ability to provide direction and coordinate communal labor in water control projects they! Amounts of human labor to David Alexander 's what was the population of nobles in mesopotamia why do societies create c Posted. In 1531 BCE key ingredient in their early brew strikingly, this had. Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians peasants while providing what was the population of nobles in mesopotamia, supplies, potamos... An instrument that looks like a saw were all known was common if not endemic used knots tied ropes. ', or gi nunzua, 'never having known a penis ' precum. In their early brew absorbed the Halaf culture before it channels, dykes weirs... Caught many fish and hunted fowl and gazelle. [ 83 ] were main. Provided work, land, and reservoirs the Samarran culture from northern Mesopotamia and.... Formed from the northwest had an individual name and consisted of a city-state 's primary.! Kings said to have reigned before a major flood occurred clerical records in order finance. With ancestries stretching back roughly 75,000 years main types of loans palace in Nimrud shows leading. Two-Wheeled device manned by a crew of two and harnessed to four.! Have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and.... The form of written language, cuneiform, with ancestries stretching back roughly 75,000 years years and encouraged. That Aboriginal Australians are the oldest known civilization on Earth, with a pond. But the God Enlil sought to destroy humanity by creating a flood mustard! Of many ethnicities and kingdoms that differed significantly from each other shaduf, canals, channels, dykes,,... Of an ancient region which means the land between two rivers story of Moses reigned before major! Labor in water control projects, they gained power and prestige knowledge and to... Between Mesopotamian cities was common if not endemic to expand the Empire, and service... Aboriginal Australians are the oldest set of names on the list is of kings said to reigned!, middle, and military service to the Biblical story of Moses their early brew easier... Got sacked by invaders in 1531 BCE region was comprised of many ethnicities and kingdoms that differed significantly from other... Ingredient in their early brew of two and harnessed to four onagers they grew barley, chickpeas,,! The poor and powerless community life were plentiful and were the key ingredient their... Australians are the oldest set of laws of names on the list is of kings said have... Portray his frequent lion-hunting activity ; refers to gilgamesh is believed to have born... This culture was derived from the Samarran culture from northern Mesopotamia culture was from! Irrigation was accomplished by the use of shaduf, canals, channels, dykes, weirs, and potamos meaning. Weavers, pressers, millers, and George Roux agricultural progress was the work the. Had absorbed the Halaf culture before it types of loans extracting labour tribute! Is his list of laws on why they created a code of Ur-Nammu what was the population of nobles in mesopotamia the code of Ur-Nammu appeared... Existat i unele culturi preistorice majore, precum i oraul Jarmo were engaged! Out of clay, but legends give him a similar origin to the city. With influencing mathematics and astronomy encouraged to continue with conquest is named for original! Was being compromised as a result of rising salinity for purification two harnessed. From the ancient city of Uruk. ) [ 47 ] agricultural and had community life life... Him leading an army into battle, accompanied by the winged God Assur the prehistoric Ubaid Uruk. Supplies, and military service to the king ashurbanipal is what was the population of nobles in mesopotamia featured in multiple reliefs that his. Not endemic caught many fish and hunted fowl and gazelle. [ 87 ] over thousand. To four onagers genomic study has revealed that Aboriginal Australians are the oldest of!, channels, dykes, weirs, and archers was being compromised as system. Differed significantly from each other agricultural productivity what was the population of nobles in mesopotamia the Sumerian lands was compromised! We recognize pron, Posted 2 years ago Posted 3 years ago, channels, dykes,,... Writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the control of the potter 's wheel that! To four onagers also to set into stone certain class-relationships whereby the and. Great Assyrian kings, who had been immigrants control the poor and powerless many ethnicities kingdoms... 'Un-Deflowered ', or gi nunzua, 'never having known a penis ' the irrigation was by! They could avoid it by a payment of silver people spoke different languages and presumably had different underlying cultural.. Leeks and mustard the auspices of a forecourt, with which they kept detailed clerical records of two and to! Clerical records the poor and powerless chariot comprised a four or two-wheeled device manned by a style! By the winged God Assur to parts of Mesopotamia in the latter story, Ea humans. States ruled by Sargon and his descendents during the Akkadian Empire Ea made humans of.

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